R 常见问题解答 ¶

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https://www.R-project.org/Licenses/

https://CRAN.R-project.org/doc/FAQ/

@Misc{,
  author        = {Kurt Hornik and the R Core Team},
  title         = {{R} {FAQ}},
  year          = {2023},
  url           = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html}
}

$ ./configure
$ make

$ ./configure --prefix=/where/you/want/R/to/go

https://www.R-project.org/doc/bib/R.bib

@Manual{,
  title        = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical
                  Computing},
  author       = {{R Core Team}},
  organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
  address      = {Vienna, Austria},
  year         = YEAR,
  url          = {https://www.R-project.org}
}

cube <- function(n) {
  sq <- function() n * n
  n * sq()
}

S> cube(2)
Error in sq():  Object "n" not found
Dumped
S> n <- 3
S> cube(2)
[1] 18

R> cube(2)
[1] 8

dorder <- function(n, r, pfun, dfun) {
  f <- function(x) NULL
  con <- round(exp(lgamma(n + 1) - lgamma(r) - lgamma(n - r + 1)))
  PF <- call(substitute(pfun), as.name("x"))
  DF <- call(substitute(dfun), as.name("x"))
  f[[length(f)]] <-
    call("*", con,
         call("*", call("^", PF, r - 1),
              call("*", call("^", call("-", 1, PF), n - r),
                   DF)))
  f
}

dorder <- function(n, r, pfun, dfun) {
  con <- round(exp(lgamma(n + 1) - lgamma(r) - lgamma(n - r + 1)))
  eval(substitute(function(x) K * PF(x)^a * (1 - PF(x))^b * DF(x),
                  list(PF = substitute(pfun), DF = substitute(dfun),
                       a = r - 1, b = n - r, K = con)))
}

dorder <- function(n, r, pfun, dfun) {
  con <- round(exp(lgamma(n + 1) - lgamma(r) - lgamma(n - r + 1)))
  function(x) {
    con * pfun(x)^(r - 1) * (1 - pfun(x))^(n - r) * dfun(x)
  }
}

dorder <- function(n, r, pfun, dfun) {
  con <- round(exp(lgamma(n + 1) - lgamma(r) - lgamma(n - r + 1)))
  MC(function(x) {
       con * pfun(x)^(r - 1) * (1 - pfun(x))^(n - r) * dfun(x)
     },
     list(con = con, pfun = pfun, dfun = dfun, r = r, n = n))
}

MC <- function(f, env) f

MC <- function(f, env = NULL) {
  env <- as.list(env)
  if (mode(f) != "function")
    stop(paste("not a function:", f))
  if (length(env) > 0 && any(names(env) == ""))
    stop(paste("not all arguments are named:", env))
  fargs <- if(length(f) > 1) f[1:(length(f) - 1)] else NULL
  fargs <- c(fargs, env)
  if (any(duplicated(names(fargs))))
    stop(paste("duplicated arguments:", paste(names(fargs)),
         collapse = ", "))
  fbody <- f[length(f)]
  cf <- c(fargs, fbody)
  mode(cf) <- "function"
  return(cf)
}

x <- 1; fun <- function() {y <- 1; ls()}

$ R CMD INSTALL path/pkg_version.tar.gz

$ R CMD INSTALL -l lib path/pkg_version.tar.gz

library()

Packages in ‘/home/me/lib/R’:

mystuff       My own R functions, nicely packaged but not documented

Packages in ‘/usr/local/lib/R/library’:

KernSmooth    Functions for kernel smoothing for Wand & Jones (1995)
MASS          Support Functions and Datasets for Venables and Ripley's MASS
Matrix        Sparse and Dense Matrix Classes and Methods
base          The R Base package
boot          Bootstrap R (S-Plus) Functions (Canty)
boot          Bootstrap Functions (Originally by Angelo Canty for S)
class         Functions for Classification
cluster       "Finding Groups in Data": Cluster Analysis Extended
              Rousseeuw et al.
codetools     Code Analysis Tools for R
datasets      The R Datasets Package
foreign       Read Data Stored by Minitab, S, SAS, SPSS, Stata, Systat,
              dBase, ...
grDevices     The R Graphics Devices and Support for Colours and Fonts
graphics      The R Graphics Package
grid          The Grid Graphics Package
lattice       Lattice Graphics
methods       Formal Methods and Classes
mgcv          GAMs with GCV/AIC/REML smoothness estimation and GAMMs
              by PQL
nlme          Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models
nnet          Feed-forward Neural Networks and Multinomial Log-Linear
              Models
rpart         Recursive Partitioning
spatial       Functions for Kriging and Point Pattern Analysis
splines       Regression Spline Functions and Classes
stats         The R Stats Package
stats4        Statistical functions using S4 Classes
survival      Survival analysis, including penalised likelihood
tcltk         Tcl/Tk Interface
tools         Tools for Package Development
utils         The R Utils Package

library(pkg)

library(help = pkg)
help(package = pkg)

detach("package:pkg", unload = TRUE)

$ R CMD REMOVE pkg_1 ... pkg_n

$ R CMD REMOVE -l lib pkg_1 ... pkg_n

set env R_HOME /opt/R
set env R_PAPERSIZE letter
set env R_PRINTCMD lpr
dir /opt/R/src/appl
dir /opt/R/src/main
dir /opt/R/src/nmath
dir /opt/R/src/unix

x[i] <- list(NULL)

rm(list = ls(all.names = TRUE))

R> D(expression(x^2), "x")
2 * x

D2 <- function(e, n) D(D(e, n), n)

g <- function(y) eval(substitute(y), sys.frame(sys.parent(n = 2)))
g(a * b)

rowmatrix <- mat[2, , drop = FALSE]  # creates a row matrix
colmatrix <- mat[, 2, drop = FALSE]  # creates a column matrix
a <- b[1, 1, 1, drop = FALSE]        # creates a 1 x 1 x 1 array

somerows <- mat[index, ]

somerows <- mat[index, , drop = FALSE]

test1 <- function(x = pi, dig = 3) {
  oo <- options(digits = dig); on.exit(options(oo));
  cat(.Options$digits, x, "\n")
}
test2 <- function(x = pi, dig = 3) {
  .Options$digits <- dig
  cat(.Options$digits, x, "\n")
}

R> test1()
3 3.14 
R> test2()
3 3.141593

as.numeric(as.character(f))

as.numeric(levels(f))[as.integer(f)]

title(substitute(hat(a) == ahat, list(ahat = ahat)))

title(bquote(hat(a) = .(ahat)))

1+1

summary(glm(y~x+z, family=binomial))

print(1+1)

print(summary(glm(y~x+z, family=binomial)))

foo <- function(x, y, happy) {
  stopifnot(length(x) == 1, length(y) == 1) # scalars only!
  (x + y) * happy
}

wrapper <- function(x, y, my.fun, ...) {
  sapply(seq_along(x), FUN = function(i) my.fun(x[i], y[i], ...))
}

outer(1:4, 1:2, FUN = wrapper, my.fun = foo, happy = 10)

varname <- c("a", "b", "d")

get(varname[1]) + 2

a + 2

assign(varname[1], 2 + 2)

a <- 2 + 2

eval(substitute(lm(y ~ x + variable),
                list(variable = as.name(varname[1]))))

lm(y ~ x + a)

vars <- list(a = 1:10, b = rnorm(100), d = LETTERS)
vars[["a"]]

ps.options(horizontal = FALSE)
help.start()

grDevices::ps.options(horizontal = FALSE)
utils::help.start()

getS3method("[", "terms")

## Increase bottom margin to make room for rotated labels
par(mar = c(7, 4, 4, 2) + 0.1)
## Create plot with no x axis and no x axis label
plot(1 : 8, xaxt = "n",  xlab = "")
## Set up x axis with tick marks alone
axis(1, labels = FALSE)
## Create some text labels
labels <- paste("Label", 1:8, sep = " ")
## Plot x axis labels at default tick marks
text(1:8, par("usr")[3] - 0.25, srt = 45, adj = 1,
     labels = labels, xpd = TRUE)
## Plot x axis label at line 6 (of 7)
mtext(1, text = "X Axis Label", line = 6)

R> a <- sqrt(2)
R> a * a == 2
[1] FALSE
R> a * a - 2
[1] 4.440892e-16
R> print(a * a, digits = 18)
[1] 2.00000000000000044

R> .3 + .6 == .9
[1] FALSE
R> .3 + .6 - .9
[1] -1.110223e-16
R> print(matrix(c(.3,  .6,  .9, .3 + .6)), digits = 18)
                     [,1]
[1,] 0.299999999999999989
[2,] 0.599999999999999978
[3,] 0.900000000000000022
[4,] 0.899999999999999911

beta[i,] <- tryCatch(coef(lm(formula, data)),
                     error = function(e) rep(NaN, 4))

R> -2^2
[1] -4

R> (-2)^2
[1] 4

R> as.list(quote(-2^2))
[[1]]
`-`

[[2]]
2^2

for(i in 1:100) {
  ## Calculations constructing "some_object" ...
  fp <- file.path("Results", paste("result", i, ".rda", sep = ""))
  save(list = "some_object", file = fp)
}

$ kwriteconfig --file okularpartrc --group ‘Dlg Performance’ \
               --key GraphicsAntialias Disabled

> str <- "This \"text\" is quoted"
> str
[1] "This \"text\" is quoted"
> cat(str, "\n")
This "text" is quoted

> nchar("\n")
[1] 1
> substring("\n", 1, 1)
[1] "\n"

> cat("\\n", "\n")
\n

local({r <- getOption("repos")
       r["CRAN"] <- "http://CRAN-archive.R-project.org"
       options(repos = r)
      })

R> data.frame(x, y, z, monday, tuesday)

	CPU	版本	提供者
Debian	i386/amd64	squeeze/wheezy	Johannes Ranke
	armel	wheezy	Johannes Ranke
Ubuntu	i386/amd64	lucid/precise/trusty	Michael Rutter

R 常见问题解答 ¶

关于 R 的常见问题解答

版本 2023-04-05

Kurt Hornik 和 R 核心团队

目录

1 导言 ¶

1.1 法律声明 ¶

1.2 获取本文档 ¶

1.3 引用此文档 ¶

1.4 符号 ¶

1.5 反馈 ¶

2 R 基础 ¶

2.1 什么是 R？ ¶

2.2 R 在哪些机器上运行？ ¶

2.3 R 的当前版本是什么？ ¶

2.4 如何获取 R？ ¶

2.5 如何安装 R？ ¶

2.5.1 如何安装 R (类 Unix) ¶

2.5.2 如何在 Windows 上安装 R ¶

2.5.3 如何在 Mac 上安装 R ¶

2.6 R 有 Unix 类二进制文件吗？ ¶

2.7 R 有哪些文档？ ¶

2.8 引用 R ¶

2.9 R 有哪些邮件列表？ ¶

2.10 什么是 CRAN？ ¶

2.11 我可以将 R 用于商业目的吗？ ¶

2.12 为什么 R 被命名为 R？ ¶

2.13 什么是 R 基金会？ ¶

2.14 什么是 R-Forge? ¶

3 R 和 S ¶

3.1 什么是 S? ¶

3.2 什么是 S-PLUS？ ¶

3.3 R 和 S 之间的区别是什么？ ¶

3.3.1 词法作用域 ¶

3.3.2 模型 ¶

3.3.3 其他 ¶

3.4 R 能做而 S-PLUS 不能做的事情？ ¶

3.5 什么是 R-plus？ ¶

4 R Web 接口 ¶

5 R 附加包 ¶

5.1 R 有哪些附加包？ ¶

5.1.1 R 中的附加包 ¶

5.1.2 来自 CRAN 的附加包 ¶

5.1.3 来自 Bioconductor 的附加包 ¶

5.1.4 其他附加包 ¶

5.2 如何安装附加包？ ¶

5.3 如何使用附加软件包？ ¶

5.4 如何删除附加软件包？ ¶

5.5 如何创建 R 软件包？ ¶

5.6 如何为 R 做贡献？ ¶

6 R 和 Emacs ¶

6.1 Emacs 是否支持 R？ ¶

6.2 我应该在 Emacs 中运行 R 吗？ ¶

6.3 在 Emacs 中调试 R ¶

7 R 杂项 ¶

7.1 如何将列表的组件设置为 NULL？ ¶

7.2 如何保存我的工作空间？ ¶

7.3 如何清理我的工作空间？ ¶

7.4 如何使 eval() 和 D() 工作？ ¶

7.5 为什么我的矩阵会丢失维度？ ¶

7.6 自动加载是如何工作的？ ¶

7.7 我应该如何设置选项？ ¶

7.8 Windows 中的文件名如何工作？ ¶

7.9 为什么绘图会给出颜色分配错误？ ¶

7.10 如何将因子转换为数值？ ¶

7.11 R 中是否实现了 Trellis 显示？ ¶

7.12 什么是封闭环境和父环境？ ¶

7.13 如何在绘图标签中进行替换？ ¶

7.14 什么是有效的名称？ ¶

7.15 R 中是否实现了 GAM？ ¶

7.16 为什么当我 source() 文件时没有输出？ ¶

7.17 为什么 `outer()` 在我的函数中表现异常？ ¶

7.18 为什么 `anova()` 的输出取决于模型中因素的顺序？ ¶

7.19 如何在批处理模式下生成 PNG 图像？ ¶

7.20 如何使命令行编辑工作？ ¶

7.21 如何将字符串转换为变量？ ¶

7.22 为什么 lattice/trellis 图形不起作用？ ¶

7.23 如何对数据框的行进行排序？ ¶

7.24 为什么 help.start() 搜索引擎不起作用？ ¶

7.25 为什么我在更新 R 后 .Rprofile 不起作用了？ ¶